The Unnecessary Uses of Antibiotics During COVID-19 Fulfill Antibiotic Resistance
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a critical health challenge in all countries and according to united nation report, one of the most common problems during COVID -19 is the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs that face the health issues which is due to antibiotics misuses during the pandemic disease as a protective to expected secondary bacterial infections after a viral infection. Subsequently COVID-19 early phase courage or enhance this massive antibiotic use in several countries all over the world. The purpose of this review to cover the prevalence and reasons behind these antibiotics misuse and analyze most common antibiotics uses during early-phase COVID-19 pandemic.
Cancer Prevention by Epigenetic Modulation of Phytochemicals: A Review
"Epigenetics," which emphasizes the impact of active dietary agents on the function of epigenetics, has become an exciting new field of study in recent years. Focusing on aberrant epigenetic alterations during earlier carcinogenesis has been considered in cancer chemotherapy research since, unlike genetic mutations, these differences are reversible. Genes that operate as signal transducers, nuclear receptors, cell cycle regulators, and transcription factors, among others, can be silenced by abnormal epigenetic processes such as DNA promoter methylation, histone changes, and post-transcriptional modifications mediated by miRNA. DNA, gene product maintenance, apoptosis-inducing, and ultimately result in carcinogenesis. An analysis of several natural phytochemicals has been performed on food and medicinal plants to recognize potential and develop anticancer agents that cause the minor lesion to normal cells and effectively destroy cancer cells. A study of several natural phytochemicals found in food and medicinal plants was conducted in order to identify potential and develop anticancer agents that cause a minor lesion in normal cells while effectively destroying cancer cells. According to this study, plant phytochemicals may be involved in the targeted epigenetic modulation of miRNAs, DNA methyltransferases, histone altering enzymes, and carcinogenesis.
Heavy Metal Toxicity and its Effect on Living Organisms: A Review in Toxicology Study
The pollution chain of heavy metals, such as industry, climate, soil, water, food and humans, nearly always assumes cyclical order in the climate. It is clear that the harmful consequences are caused by prolonged exposure to metalloids and heavy metals at minimum doses. It has been proven that heavy metals are harmful for environmental and human. Strong toxicity of a metal is recognized with a significant hazard and it is associated with many health hazards. They also antagonism component of the body, but metabolic activities can interact with metabolic processes at some times. By reduction exercises, few metals, such as aluminum, can be eliminated.
Anatomical Study and Antimicrobial Activities of Ammimajus
Ammimajus is a plant species in the family Apiaceae, The purpose of this study was to assess anatomical and antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ammimajus, which taken from collage of Sciences/Salaheddin University/Erbil. Anatomical studies by the using paraffin method, have shown that the outline of stems, petiole lamina, and margin, they contain secretary canals with presence unicellular glandular and unicellular non glandular trichomes. The antimicrobial activity prepared by extract using ethanol (95%) method from stem, leaf and flower, then provide the different concentration of extract, which shown the exhibit antibacterial effects on some microorganisms as Staphylococcus aureus,Acinetobacterbaumannii, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Candida albicans.
Effect of Mint Leaves Powder (Mentha sp.) on Fungi Associated with Sunflower Helianthus annus L. Seeds
Sunflower Helianthus annus is one of the economically significant crops. During poor storage conditions, seed-borne fungi develop. As a result, it is polluted with mycotoxins and its quality is reduced for various uses Chemical and non-chemical methods to control fungal contamination were used. The current study examined the fungi associated with local products seeds and the antifungal activity of mint leaves powder (MLP) on seeds-borne isolates. Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Pythium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp., were isolated from untreated seeds by moistened chamber method. Mixing MLP with sunflower seeds decreased the number of fungal isolates. Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Pythium, and Trichoderma disappear from tested seed samples after month. Also the seed germination% increase after mixing with MLP (not significant), it indicates that the treatment did not affect the embryo's vitality, the significant characteristic for the seeds that will be used for planting.
The Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Nutritional Factors: Students at Knowledge University as a Case Study
Nutritional anemia is one of the most common types of anemia worldwide and is considered a major public health problem especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors of anemia among university students in the Kurdistan region. A cross-sectional study of 151 healthy university’s students aged between 18 and 28 years was performed between November and February 2019-2020. Blood was collected to measure hemoglobin, and a questionnaire was designed to determine participants’ nutrition habits. A Pearson’s chi-square test was used to reveal anemia risk factors. The anemia prevalence was 17.9%. The factors associated with an elevated anemia risk were inadequate vegetables and red meat intakes, in addition to drinking tea after meals. This study revealed that a considered part of university students have anemia that might become worse by malnutrition. Our results suggest that anemia can be prevented by encouraging the consumption of rich dietary iron, folic acid, and B12 sources and by raising awareness of the food and drinks which facilitate or hinder the bioavailability of these nutrients.
Liquid Biphasic System : A Review on Modern Bioseparation Technologies
Many researchers have been interested in a substitute bioseparation technology for different biomolecules, namely the liquid biphasic system (L.B.S.). The analysis starts with a detailed discussion of the basic concept of L.B.S. and follows by a debate on the further creation of the different components for phase-forming of L.B.S. Also, various advance L.B.S. technologies will be introduced. It was addressed that is beneficial to L.B.S.'s e-function for bimolecular extraction, separation, and purification. The L.B.S. key parameters for link were obtainable and assessed. Furthermore, a guideline for future growth was described as future opportunities and challenges of L.B.S. The measures outlined in this review gives an insight into potential studies of the techniques of liquid-liquid split.
Novel Approach in Hypertension Management: A Review on Current Technologies
Systemic hypertension is the largest causes of morbidity and mortality in the world and is one of main causes that leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Less than half of hypertensive patients are aware of their condition, despite it is currently undertreated, but the control of high blood pressure is successful. This will reduce the global burden of illness and death. The etiology of hypertension includes a genetic predisposition and a complex interaction of pathophysiological, genetic and environmental factors. Hypertensive patient needs to measurement of blood pressure (BP), studying of expected risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and other organ damage, or knowing of secondary reasons for hypertension. Lifestyle changes are effective in lowering blood pressure and stopping the consequences of hypertension and CVD, along with dietary adjustments and increased physical activity. Pharmacological treatment are efficient in controlling blood pressure and stopping the consequences of cardiovascular disease in the elderly patients. The first-line antihypertensive drugs consists of ACE inhibitor (angiotensin converting enzyme), angiotensin II receptor blocker, dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, and thiazide diuretic.
Bacterial Contamination Associated with Mobile Phones: Students at Knowledge University as a Case Study
Bacterial cells adhere to mobile phone surfaces and could form organized colonies. Once the bacteria move to the mobile phone they can live well because these surfaces are hard to clean. This research, included isolation of pathogenic bacteria from mobile phones of Knowledge University students. A total of 100 mobile phones of Knowledge university staff and students were selected for this study. The single sterile swab stick was moistened with sterile normal saline solution and moved over the surfaces of mobile phones. The swab sticks were immediately transported to the laboratory. All swabs were cultured in (Nutrient agar), Then incubated for 24 hours. The obtained bacterial colonies were subjected to Gram stain, and colonial characteristics for their identification. Biochemical Examination for selected colonies has been done. From a total 100 mobile phone swabs. A total of 138 bacterial isolates were recognized as: 47 bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, 33 bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 23 bacterial colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 19 bacterial colonies of Escherichia coli, 7 bacterial colonies of Streptococcus spp., 6 bacterial colonies of Bacillus subtilis, 2 bacterial colonies of Neisseria and 1 bacterial colonies of Enterobacter aerogene. The study revealed that bacteria can survive on mobile phones of students and the contaminated mobile phones are able to transport microbes that may be able to produce disease. There is a need for preventive care to reduce the impact of contaminated mobile phones on the spread of microbes and control measures should be applicable for this reason.